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When there is only one gear on each shaft, as shown in Fig. 1, it is known as a simple gear train. The gears are represented by their pitch circles. When the distance between the two shafts is small, the two gears 1 and 2 are made to mesh with each other to transmit motion from one shaft to the other, as shown in Fig. 1 (a). Since the gear 1 drives the gear 2, therefore gear 1 is called the driver and the gear 2 is called the driven or follower. It may be noted that the motion of the driven gear is opposite to the motion of driving gear. Fig. 1. Simple gear train Let  N 1  = Speed of gear 1(or driver) in r.p.m., N 2  = Speed of gear 2 (or driven or follower) in r.p.m., T 1  = Number of teeth on gear 1, and T 2  = Number of teeth on gear 2. Since the  speed ratio (or velocity ratio) of the gear train  is the ratio of the speed of the driver to the speed of the driven or follower and ratio of speeds of any pair of gears in the mesh is the inverse of thei...

Gears can be classified: According to the relative position of their axes According to the type of contact between the surface of the gear Figure 1: Types of gears Parallel shaft Depending upon the teeth of the equivalent cylinder, i.e., straight or helix  We have following parallel shaft gears Spur gears: straight teeth parallel to the axes of the wheel Helical gears: teeth are curved and inclined to the shaft axis. Two mating gears have the same helix angle but have teeth of the opposite hand Herringbone gears: A double-helical gear is equivalent to a pair of helical gears attached together, one has a right-hand helix and other a left-hand helix Figure 2: Spur gear Figure 3: Helical gear Figure 4: Herringbone gear Intersecting gear Two non-parallel or intersecting shafts can be connected by means of bevel gears.  Straight bevel gears: teeth are straight, radial to the point of intersection of the shaft axes, and vary in cross-section throughout their length. Used to conn...

Mechanical systems are the important basic building blocks of the mechatronic systems.  From the modeling schematic and from the point of view of the  law of conservation of energy , distinguishably three basic modeling elements are earmarked for the mechanical systems. They are Spring, Damper, and Mass/Inertia. The fundamental comes from the fact that any kind of mechanical system has  spring property , i.e. when force is applied it elongates and the energy is stored within the system.  It also has  damping property , i.e. when force has applied some portion of the force (energy) is lost.  Finally, it has  mass or inertia  (when it rotates it exhibits inertia) property that determines how much acceleration it would produce when exerted by the force. Irrespective of whether it is a mechanical, electrical, fluid, or thermal system, they can be depicted with these three types of pure elements that are collectively responsible for governing the ...