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  Temperature measurement Temperature measurement is carried out in the industry to know the temperature of the environment such as the temperature of the liquid in the furnace or winding of an electrical machine, and so on.  Temperature is defined as a measure of the velocity of fluid particles and is a property that determines the degree of hotness or coldness or the level of heat intensity of a body. The temperature measured at absolute zero is called absolute temperature. Absolute temperature can be obtained as Absolute temperature (in Kelvin) = Thermometer reading (in degree Celsius) + 273  The various instruments which are used for measuring temperature are Thermometers Bimetallic strips Electrical resistance thermometers (RTD) Thermocouple Thermistor Thermopile and Pyrometers which can either be total radiation pyrometer or optical pyrometer Thermometers So how do we physically measure temperature? We all know that we can measure temperature...

  RVDT is an acronym for Rotary Variable Differential Transformer and is a common type of electromechanical sensor that can convert the rotary motion of an object around an axis into a corresponding electrical signal. Construction: An RVDT consists of a hollow cylinder with a ferromagnetically conducted core rotating in clockwise and anticlockwise direction freely between the hollow cylinder.  A primary coil is wrapped around in the hollow cylinder and is energized by constant amplitude AC source known as the primary excitation. Two secondary coils having an equal number of turns are wrapped on either side of the primary coil at equal distances from the primary coil.    The two secondary coils are connected in the series generating AC output voltage.  A signal conditioning circuit that is housed inside the RVDT structure and is required to convert the output to either 5V dc or 4-20 mA’s whichever format is compatible with your data acquisition system. ...

  LVDT is an acronym for Linear Variable Differential Transformer and is a common type of electromechanical sensor that can convert the rectilinear motion of an object along an axis into a corresponding electrical signal. Common applications that use LVDT are vibration, traction, compression, stress measurement Construction: An LVDT consists of a hollow cylinder with a shaft or push rod that moves freely back and forth inside the hollow cylinder.  The pushrod is connected to a magnetically conducted core.  A primary coil is wrapped around the middle of the hollow cylinder and is energized by constant amplitude AC source, known as the primary excitation  While two secondary coils having an equal number of turns are wrapped on either side of the cylinder at equal distances from the primary coil.    The two secondary coils are connected in the series generating AC output voltage.  A signal conditioning circuit that is housed inside the LVDT structure is...

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Proximity sensors Proximity sensors are pilot devices used to detect the presence of an object without making any physical contact and are widely used in industrial automation for the detection of objects at a position. Proximity sensors are a non-contact type of solid-state electronic devices and are normally of eddy current type or inductive, capacitive or photoelectric proximity sensor. Inductive proximity sensor An inductive proximity sensor is a non-contact proximity sensor that can detect ferrous objects that contain iron, ideally mild steel thicker than one millimeter. Construction: An inductive proximity sensor is a non-contact proximity sensor that detects ferrous objects that contain iron, ideally mild steel thicker than one millimeter.  An inductive proximity sensor consists of four major components: a ferrite core with coils , an oscillator , a detector or signal conditioner , and an output amplifier all packed in a compact housing.   The oscillator creates a sy...

Piezoelectric Pressure Sensor A piezoelectric sensor is a device that uses the piezoelectric effect to measure changes in pressure, force, strain or temperature by converting them to an electrical charge.  The word piezo is derived from the Greek word piezein which means “Press” or “Stress”. The piezoelectric effect is observed in various materials available in different forms such as crystalline, ceramics, lead-free piezoceramics, semiconductors, and polymers. The  Lead zirconate titanate and quartz crystal are the common types of piezoelectric materials used in piezoelectric pressure sensors.  The piezoelectric material can be referred to as a bidirectional transducer as it generates an internal voltage resulting from an applied pressure or mechanical force due to piezoelectric the effect, contrarily,  it can also generate internal pressure or mechanical strain when an electric field is applied due to the inverse piezoelectric e...